Analytical model is developed for miscible wateralternategas wag displacement of oilcondensates. A new predictive method for co2oil minimum miscibility. Where, soi initial oil saturation, sor residual oil saturation after immiscible displacement, ed microscopic displacement efficiency. Phase transfer of intermediate mw hydrocarbons from the injected gas into the oil. The results showed that tetrahydrofuran was a better cosolvent and the waste edible oils containing abundant free fatty acids was liable to form miscible system. Enhanced oil recovery abbreviated eor, also called tertiary recovery, is the extraction of crude oil from an oil field that cannot be extracted otherwise. Following the early seminal investigations by hill 1952, sa. Journal of petroleum science and engineering, 2009. Numerical simulation of miscible displacement processes in. Co2 near miscible displacements in heterogeneous systems citation for published version.
Chapters cover principles of phase behavior and miscibility, displacement behavior, design aspects, predictive methods, the. Stalkup 1983a suggested the use of matched velocity mv flooding, where gas. The typical microscopic displacement efficiency from a water flood is 70% or less. Pdf immiscible and miscible gasoil displacements in. The empirical and theoretical miscible characterization. The majority of the work has focused on the stability and dynamics of the interface due to a normal displacement velocity. This item may be a floor model or store return that has been used. Fluid characterization for miscible eor projects and co2. Stalkup, 9781555630409, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. The prediction of minimum miscible pressure for co eor using. Pdf impact of viscous fingering on the prediction of.
Miscible displacement of oils by carbon disulfide in. Stalkup hardcover the lowestpriced item that has been used or worn previously. After gas breakthrough the produced fluid is separated into oil and gas components. Compositional simulation of miscible processes petrowiki.
Download citation status of miscible displacement methods for miscible. Us5074357a process for insitu enrichment of gas used in. Tan and homsy con sidered the case of neutrally buoyant fluids in a medium of. Miscible flooding methods include carbon dioxide injection, natural gas. The oil reservoir database covers the states of alabama, mississippi, louisiana, and texas. Paper presented at 32nd annual fall meeting of society of petroleum engineers in dallas, tex. The effects of crossflow and permeability variation on. Us4512400a miscible displacement drive for enhanced oil. Intermediate hcs such as propane, butane, lpg are solvents used most often for fcm flooding. The photograph shows a light colored band of oil highlighted with an arrow in the direction of the flow that is fingering through darker, bypassed oil. This process, called the condensingvaporising gas drive, was reported by zick 1 in 1986, and detailed by stalkup in 1987 2. Stalkup hardcover at the best online prices at ebay. Miscible displacement s p e monograph series stalkup, fred i.
The successful design and implementation of a miscible gas injection project are dependent upon the accurate determination of minimum miscibility pressure mmp, the pressure above which the. This book also explains interpretation methods for laboratory and field data. At the pore level, the miscible displacement is practically 100% efficient. Fundamentals of carbon dioxideenhanced oil recovery eora. Cmg 2017 cmggem technical manual in computer modelling group.
Figure 1 shows compositional phase diagram for a definite. Recovery rates, enhanced oil recovery and technological limits. The surfactant miscible displacement method is a column61 scale technique that involves displacing surfactant free resident 62 pore water with a surfactantcontaining tracer solution and 63 correlating the arrival time of the surfactant interfacial tracer 64 to the air. Thus, water and ethanol as well as some other alcohols are miscible. This paper describes miscible displacement upon air injection in a porous medium saturated with oil corresponding to conditions of highpressure air injection hpai. Short summaries of these processes are described in this section. In miscible flooding, injection of solvent is often combined with water to reduce the mobility contrast between injected and displaced fluids and control the degree of fingering. Status of miscible displacement journal of petroleum. The displacement efficiency of oil by gas depends highly on pressure, and miscible displacement is achieved only at pressures greater than a certain minimum, the minimum miscibility pressure. Zick 1986 and stalkup 1987 described the existence of the condensingvaporizing mechanism. The mmp indicates the lowest pressure at which the displacement process becomes multicontact miscible. Fundamentals of fluid flow in porous media chapter 5 miscible displacement introduction in an immiscible displacement process, such as water flooding, the microscopic displacement efficiency, eq. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Displacement behavior of the condensingvaporizing gas drive process.
Co2 eor that the injected co2 to reach a condition fully miscible with oil. A spiral slim stainless steel tube with a diameter of 6 mm 0. Asphaltene deposition and its role in eor miscible gas flooding g. A slimtube miscibility test is performed to determine the mmp by using the equipment setup as shown schematically in fig. Miscible displacement of a layer with finite width in.
Later, several authors such as zick 1986 and stalkup 1987 found that. Slimtube simulation model for carbon dioxide enhanced oil. The process is operated so as to maximize the reuse of the upgraded miscible drive fluid and therefore lower the cost of enhancing the oil recovery from a low pressure reservoir. Pdf dry gas injection for miscible displacement on. Both immiscible and miscible co2wag have been applied widely in the field stalkup, 1983. Several mass transfer mechanisms can take place depending on the composition of injected gas and oil stalkup, 1983. Gasoil nonequilibrium in multicontact miscible displacements within homogeneous porous media.
Associated recovery mechanisms of miscible displacement condensing and. A process for insitu enrichment of gas used in miscible flooding in a subterranean hydrocarbonbearing reservoir. Methods for miscible flooding have been researched and field tested since the early 1950s. A drive gas such as methane, lean natural gas, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof is used to immiscibly displace formation hydrocarbons. For lighter oils, injecting a fluid include miscible gas injection stalkup 1983, orr 2007, water alternating gas wag injection christensen et al. When applied to eor methods, miscible displacement processes involve injecting a chemical solvent that forms a stable mixture with the oil and also reduces its viscosity stalkup jr.
According to the us department of energy, carbon dioxide and water are injected along with one of three eor techniques. Nov 11, 2009 miscible displacement processes are defined here as processes where the effectiveness of the displacement results primarily from miscibility between the oil in place and the injected fluid. In miscible displacement, lean gas can displace oil efficiently by developing a miscible bank through a. Co2 heavy oil flooding economic design springerlink. Stalkup 1990 investigated the effects of gas enrichment in reservoirsca. The immiscible displacement method with co 2 injection, although not mentioned in the above classification, is also used for eor and is briefly described in the section fundamentals of the co 2 eor process. For 1st contact miscible pressure of displacement must be above cricondenbar miscible gas injection 31 october condensing gas drive process injection gas is enriched with intermediate components such as. The evolution of the displacement process was described in detail as a function of the mobility ratio rand the peclet number pe, along with the variance and spatial correlation scales of the heterogeneities. Status of miscible displacement journal article osti. Eor can extract 30% to 60% or more of a reservoirs oil, compared to 20% to 40% using primary and secondary recovery. Pdf gasoil nonequilibrium in multicontact miscible.
Miscible displacements with a chemical reaction in a. Implications of surfactantinduced flow for miscible. Wag displacements of oilcondensates accounting for hydrocarbon ganglia. Miscible andor near miscible gas injection processes are among the most widely used enhanced oil recovery techniques. Doherty memorial fund of aime, society of petroleum engineers of aime. In an immiscible displacement process, such as water flooding, the microscopic displacement efficiency, eq. The approach to determining the best possible co 2 eor miscible flood candidates in the gulf coast region was to construct an oil reservoir database and develop a screening method. The sufficiently high value of the ratio of the length of the tube to its diameter provides a stable front for displacing oil with. Experimental approach of minimum miscibility pressure for. Slimtube displacement tests are commonly used to determine the mmp for a given crude oil. The core flooding experiments were conducted under miscible conditions at a reservoir temperature of 343 k and pressure of 17.
At miscible condition, the displacement efficiency exceeds 90%. Analysis of compositional effects on global flow regimes. Using traditional fractionalflow theory, stalkup estimated the optimum watersolvent ratio or wag ratio when viscous fingering effects are ignored, by imposing that the solvent and water fronts travel at the same. The second method for determining the minimum mixing pressure is an experiment in a slim tube. A new predictive method for co2oil minimum miscibility pressure. Wag displacements of oilcondensates accounting for. Cooptimizing enhanced oil recovery and co 2 storage by.
Successful design and implementation of a miscible gas injection project depends upon the accurate determination of the minimum miscibility pressure mmp and other factors such as reservoir and fluid characterization. Analysis of compositional effects on global flow regimes in co2. We set our base case as the immiscible wag displacement weak. Gas injection processes are among the effective methods for enhanced oil recovery. Miscible displacement discount cash flow minimum miscibility pressure carbon dioxide injection formation volume factor these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. They showed that the development of miscibility mmp in multicomponent gas displacement processes could, independent of the mechanism controlling the development of miscibility, be predicted accurately by 1d compositional simulations. The new prediction of the minimum miscible pressure by. The displacement processes treated here may be conveniently classified as firstcontact miscible fcm or multiplecontact miscible mcm on the basis of the. Chapters cover principles of phase behavior and miscibility, displacement behavior, design. Miscible porous media displacements driven by nonvertical.
Measurements of velocity and streamline fields of miscible displacement in round tubes. Compositional modeling to analyze the effect of ch4 on. Miscible porous media displacements in the quarter vespot. I 1983, miscible displacement, monograph series 8, spe, richardson, tx. When applied to eor methods, miscible displacement processes involve. The prediction of minimum miscible pressure for co 2 eor using a process simulator 607 korean chem. We assume that injection fluids and produced fluids are fully miscible with the oil at the prevailing high pressure. Flow visualization and simulation of miscible displacement with. A effect of oil composition on miscible type displacement by carbon dioxide, spe 8814, presented at the 1st joint symposium doespe on enhanced oil recovery, tulsa, april 2023, 1980. This minimum pressure is known as minimum miscibility pressure mmp where it is defined as the lowest or minimum pressure where miscible displacement of reservoir oil can be achieved by co 2 injection.
Measurements of velocity and streamline fields of miscible displacement in. The photograph shows a light colored band of oil highlighted with an arrow in the direction of the flow that is. Jun 04, 2015 a laboratory investigation of miscible displacement by carbon dioxide. The recovery of light and medium gravity oils by displacement with gas and water, and the recovery of relatively dry gases by expansion, can be considered. The last halfcentury has seen enormous progress in our understanding of porous media displacements and the instabilities to which they give rise. Miscible displacement an overview sciencedirect topics. Reserve growth targets can range from 10 to 45 % of ooipogip. Papers included in this volume were selected to complement the monograph by fred i. Pdf wag displacements of oilcondensates accounting for. Numerical analysis of immisciblenearmiscible co2wag. The item may have some signs of cosmetic wear, but is fully operational and functions as intended. Placing either a lint free tissue paper or a teflon sheet allowed us to investigate the impact of crossflow on displacement efficiency. Condensing mechanism the rich gas is injected into the oil with less intermediate carbon.
Miscible displacement methods, which include injection of hydrocarbon gas, co 2, or inert gas under high pressure. Generally, by using hydrocarbon gas as injecting fluid, the following mechanisms can be activated. A laboratory investigation of miscible displacement by carbon dioxide. The modelling shows that the significant amount of oilcondensate is left in porous media after miscible wag, while the traditional model predicts that the miscible displacement results in the total sweep. These fluids are then considered thermodynamically stable.
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